Que ton aliment soit ta seule médecine, disait Hippocrate. Cet adage servi par le père de la médecine n’est certainement pas valable ni valorisé au Sénégal eu égard aux multiples scandales alimentaires qui y font légion. Depuis un certain temps, des pratiques peu citoyennes d’abattage clandestin d’animaux sont en train de se perpétrer un peu partout sur le territoire national, impliquant notamment des animaux qui n’entrent pas dans nos habitudes de consommation (ânes, chevaux). Le mode opératoire des chevillards véreux consiste à abattre et dépecer ces animaux dans des conditions d’hygiène et de salubrité précaires qui ne garantissent pas l’innocuité de l’aliment, et d’introduire la viande dans le circuit normal de distribution. Ce qui ajoute au délit d’abattage clandestin, un délit de fraude dans l’appellation puisque le consommateur qui croit acheter de la viande de bœuf, veau ou mouton, se voit berner dans son choix alimentaire.
Il faut rappeler que l’abattage d’un animal pour la consommation est un processus délicat lorsqu’il s’agit de préserver la qualité et la salubrité de la viande. Tout commence par la santé de l’animal à abattre. Il doit être sain, donc exempt de zoonoses, c’est-à-dire de maladies pouvant être transmises à l’homme. Certains produits chimiques comme les antibiotiques et les stéroïdes (anabolisants) doivent respecter les limites de la réglementation.
Le procédé d’abattage doit aussi permettre d’éviter toute contamination par des bactéries pathogènes (E.coli, salmonelles, vibrions, staphylocoques, etc.). Or l’abattage clandestin, par son caractère délictuel, se fait généralement de manière hâtive, bien souvent dans les endroits de fortune, non éclairés, à même le sol avec peu ou pas d’eau potable. Toutes conditions qui n’offrent pas un environnement propice à la production d’une viande de qualité pour la sécurité sanitaire du consommateur.
Cependant, le phénomène d’abattage clandestin qui défraie présentement la chronique, a tendance à occulter les autres maux qui gangrènent le secteur névralgique de l’alimentation au Sénégal. En restant dans la consommation de viande, tout observateur avisé ne peut s’empêcher de s’interroger sur la qualité de la viande et des produits carnés importés qui débarquent massivement au port de Dakar. Le contrôle de l’origine, de la qualité et de la traçabilité de ces produits (cuisses de poulets, viande hachée, foie, saucisses, etc.) doit être renforcé afin de protéger les populations contre tout danger qui pourrait être lié à leur consommation. Ces produits ne doivent être autorisés à entrer sur le marché qu’après une série d’analyses microbiologiques et chimiques à même d’attester leur innocuité. De plus, le contrôle doit s’étendre tout au long du circuit de distribution incluant le transport et le stockage, pour assurer le maintien de la chaîne de froid.
Nos habitudes alimentaires ne sont pas sans reproche dans l’utilisation abusive et potentiellement dangereuse d’exhausteurs de goût tant prisés par nos cuisinières. Ces derniers aussi appelés rehausseurs de goût et plus connus sous l’appellation courante de bouillons, sont des additifs alimentaires de la famille des glutamates. Au Sénégal, ils sont utilisés sous diverses marques et leur consommation n’est soumise à une quelconque réglementation. Il faut reconnaître que la consommation de glutamate monosodique et son incidence sur la santé humaine soulèvent beaucoup de controverse. En effet, si à l’état actuel de la science, la consommation du glutamate monosodique est généralement considérée sans danger pour la santé, on soupçonne cependant une possible relation entre cette substance et certaines maladies dégénératives du cerveau comme l’Alzheimer. Des allergies chez certains sujets asthmatiques ont aussi été rapportées. La dose faisant le poison, il serait plus judicieux d’utiliser ces produits de façon modérée en ayant davantage recours, comme le veut notre tradition culinaire, aux ingrédients naturels tels que le sel et les épices.
Quid du rôle de l’État ?
Cette situation de cacophonie et de laxisme généralisés dans la gestion de la qualité alimentaire au Sénégal est symptomatique d’un manque de réaction des autorités publiques. En effet, l’État à qui revient le rôle d’assurer la sécurité sanitaire des populations, n’a, jusqu’ici, impulsé aucune politique concrète visant à garantir une alimentation saine, dont dépend de beaucoup la santé. Il n’existe véritablement pas une structure étatique chargée de veiller sur la qualité sanitaire des aliments. On assiste à un cloisonnement des compétences et un certain flou dans la définition des rôles. Plusieurs services publics dont le commerce intérieur, le service d’hygiène, les services phytosanitaires de l’agriculture, l’élevage et la pêche sont impliqués dans l’inspection des aliments, mais il n’existe pas de coordination dans leurs actions. L’inspection des aliments est un domaine transversal qui nécessite la conjonction des forces de tous les secteurs pourvoyeurs d’aliments pour la consommation humaine. En conséquence, l’État qui est la mère de ces institutions, doit définir les politiques et stratégies pour organiser le secteur.
Une architecture simple donnerait par exemple un conseil chargé de l’analyse des risques alimentaires qui serait composé de chercheurs et de cadres expérimentés dans le domaine des sciences et technologies des aliments et qui serait chargé de définir les normes de qualité et d’établir les lignes directrices pour les atteindre. À côté de ce conseil, un organe d’exécution (de type direction de l’inspection des aliments) pourra être créé pour mener les actions de terrain. Cette direction pourra être scindée en trois divisions dont l’inspection des viandes et des produits carnés, l’inspection des produits halieutiques, et l’inspection des produits agricoles et des établissements alimentaires comme les restaurants, les hôtels, les supermarchés, les entreprises de production alimentaire, les entrepôts frigorifiques, etc.
Un schéma de ce type donnerait plus de lisibilité et d’efficacité dans la gestion de la qualité des aliments consommés par les Sénégalais et pourrait mener à une collaboration avec le ministère de la Santé dans le but de constituer une entité de veille sanitaire, véritable bouclier contre les problèmes de santé liés aux aliments (toxi-infections alimentaires, gestion des allergies alimentaires, certaines maladies chroniques comme le diabète et l’hypertension artérielle, etc.).
Diadié DIOUF
Ing., Msc, spécialiste en agroalimentaire, environnement et pêche
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