CONTRIBUTION
A quoi bon ? Le défunt Général Mamadou Niang, paix à son âme, aurait dit : «Il faut juste savoir jusqu’où il ne faut pas aller trop loin»
Oui, à quoi bon vouloir réaliser un second audit dans les mêmes conditions que celui de 2018 sur le même fichier, seulement deux ans après, alors que les conclusions dudit audit n’ont pas été largement vulgarisées et, surtout, n’ont vraisemblablement pas été exploitées par l’ensemble de la classe politique ainsi que la société dite civile ?
Nous allons donc, une fois de plus, la troisième consécutivement, livrer une partie de notre souveraineté, notre fichier national de cartes d’identité, à des étrangers qui vont l’exploiter comme bon leur semble et qui vont encore nous sortir une ineptie du genre «le taux d’erreurs est inférieur à 2 %», ce sur quoi le camp présidentiel va rebondir pour affirmer que le fichier serait fiable à 98 % ! Ce qui, bien entendu, n’a aucun sens en informatique.
Mais, tout d’abord, à quoi nous sert l’Agence de l’Informatique de l’Etat (Adie) si cette structure ne dispose pas en son sein d’ingénieurs capables d’auditer ce fichier ? Malheureusement, les Tdr sont tellement touffus et mal écrits que seuls des étrangers qui peuvent gonfler leurs CV à suffisance ont postulé. Il est demandé quelque part un expert en «biométrie électorale» pour la revue technologique des systèmes (enrôlement, cartes, biométrie, Afis (Automatic Fingerprint Identification System +système automatique d’identification des empreintes digitales+, etc.) et ledit expert devrait disposer d’un diplôme en informatique (biométrie) avec une expérience minimale de 10 ans, etc. C’est quoi cette histoire ? Il n’existe pas de diplôme en biométrie car celle-ci fait partie de l’intelligence artificielle qui est elle-même un module enseigné désormais dans plusieurs écoles d’informatique. Plus précisément, la partie de la biométrie dont il est question ici, est incluse dans le cours de Reconnaissance des formes.
Ce qui est vrai c’est que la plupart des ingénieurs en informatique, n’ont pas reçu pendant leur parcours académique, comme nous l’avons-nous-même reçu, ce module d’intelligence artificielle avec le cours de Reconnaissance des formes appliquée aux empreintes digitales et certains termes qui ne sont, en réalité, utiles qu’aux développeurs, peuvent leur sembler rébarbatifs. En l’occurrence, il n’est nul besoin d’aller aussi loin pour un audit car il s’agit tout juste de prouver que le système Afis fonctionne ou pas, en sorte qu’un électeur ne puisse être inscrit qu’une et une seule fois et qu’il ne soit pas confondu avec un autre électeur, ce qui est sa seule raison d’être, la biométrie étant censée garantir l’unicité de l’électeur dans la base de données.
Intéressons-nous maintenant à quelques constatations et recommandations de la Mission d’audit du fichier électoral (Mafe) de 2018. En fait, le fichier est truffé d’«erreurs» inacceptables en informatique. Certains noms et prénoms comportent des signes ou chiffres montrant que ces variables ont été déclarées en alphanumérique, de même que la date de naissance qui admet des caractères ?!? La variable «Genre» (en lieu et place de «Sexe») qui ne devait admettre que deux valeurs M ou F en autorise d’autres W, R, P, K, etc. ce qui a eu pour conséquence, selon eux, que «567 femmes sont devenues hommes et 248 hommes sont devenus femmes» ( ?!?) On s’en tordrait de rire à gorge déployée, n’eût été la gravité de la situation. Plus insolite encore, c’est lorsque ces «experts» écrivent, certainement sans sourciller, qu’il y aurait autour de 62 000 probables «doublons Afis», autrement dit des doublons biométriques ! Pourquoi pas un million ou deux ? Bien entendu, tous les chiffres livrés par cet audit sont faux, hormis peut-être le nombre total d’enregistrements, et ne servent qu’à donner du crédit à la thèse des «moins de 2 % d’erreurs».
Pour avoir participé aux audits de 2007 et 2009, pour le compte de l’Opposition d’alors, nous sommes en mesure d’affirmer, pratiquement sans aucun doute, que c’est la même base de données qui a été reconduite pour la refonte inqualifiable de 2016, avec les mêmes erreurs et les mêmes dysfonctionnements, y compris pour la biométrie qui, décidément, ne marche pas. «Garbage in, garbage out», auraient dit les anglophones. Aucun rafistolage n’est possible, une telle base de données, véritable insulte à l’informatique, est indigne de notre pays. Ce fichier qui n’est pas fiable et ne peut être fiabilisé, doit être repris de bout en bout en (re)commençant par l’analyse des données.
La seule recommandation, quelque peu cocasse, que nous avons retenue est celle où ils disent qu’il faut aller «vers un registre d’état civil» ! Seraient-ils en train de dire que l’état civil n’existe pas au Sénégal et qu’il faudrait le créer avec des registres ? Voilà ce qui arrive lorsqu’on sollicite n’importe qui pour travailler sur nos données personnelles ! A ce propos, d’ailleurs, la personne qui a été nommée à la tête de la CDP croyait, au tout début, qu’il s’agissait du sigle d’un parti politique, alors que cette structure existait depuis quelques années déjà et était présidée par un expert juridique. C’est dire toute la légèreté avec laquelle, depuis le début de ce siècle, les gens sont nommés pour diriger des structures étatiques ! Qu’importe, l’essentiel étant que ce soit un membre du parti aux affaires ou un affidé. Car le président qui a déclaré : «Celui qui n’est pas avec moi est contre moi» et a ensuite renchéri : «C’est quoi un ambassadeur ? Je peux nommer mon chauffeur !», a introduit un biais politique dangereux aux conséquences incalculables dans notre pays. Ainsi, l’impéritie a fini par gangréner beaucoup de secteurs au Sénégal, si bien qu’on se demande si on pourra s’en sortir un jour. Aucun pays gouverné sérieusement ne peut fonctionner de cette manière ! C’est la raison pour laquelle, nous avons beau organiser des symposiums, aller de plan en plan, changer de gouvernement, ça ne marchera pas car c’est impossible. Et nous continuerons à régresser et à vivre dans l’illusion de meilleurs lendemains.
Pour en revenir au fichier, la base de la fiabilité des enregistrements reste, en premier lieu, l’état civil qui comporte beaucoup trop d’erreurs dues à des agents véreux, insuffisamment formés et, surtout, non assermentés. Une solution consisterait à créer un système informatisé totalement sécurisé englobant tous les centres du pays, département par département. Malheureusement, le Cnec qui est censé coordonner ce travail, est assez faible pour ne pas en dire plus. En outre, l’acte 3 de la décentralisation, qui se révèle plus un embrouillamini qu’autre chose, a décomposé les grands ensembles beaucoup plus cohérents, comme par exemple, la Ville de Dakar qui comptait 23 centres d’état civil dont le centre principal, en donnant à chaque commune d’arrondissement une autonomie pour la gestion des centres dans sa juridiction. Cet acte, dont on se pose toujours la question de sa pertinence, a donc constitué le premier pas de la dépossession/déconstruction de Dakar en attendant sa mise à mort programmée depuis 2013. Pour des raisons purement politiciennes, quoiqu’on s’en défende !
Notons que la profession avait déjà disparu dans la Cni lors de la refonte de 2005. Dans l’actuelle, trois critères fondamentaux, parmi sept, de l’identification nationale composant la filiation, à savoir le(s) prénom(s) du père, les nom et prénom(s) de la mère, n’y figurent plus. De plus, le couplage des deux cartes ne trouve aucune explication plausible, surtout que le vote n’est pas obligatoire dans notre pays. Et la Cedeao ne saurait imposer une conduite à tenir en la matière à aucun pays.
Alors, et compte tenu de tout ce qui précède, à quoi pourrait bien servir cet audit ? Qu’apporterait-il de nouveau que nous ne savions déjà ? Il se trouve que certains hommes politiques pensent naïvement qu’un audit sert à rectifier des erreurs de sorte à ce que des élections sincères et apaisées soient rendues possibles. Il n’en est rien ! Un rapport d’audit se limite à établir des constats et à formuler des recommandations. Et la sempiternelle question de savoir si on peut aller aux élections avec un tel fichier va se poser.
En premier lieu, la sincérité d’une élection ne dépend pas du seul fichier électoral. Dans certains pays à démocratie avancée, on peut voter même sans fichier car il n’y existe pas d’adresses imprécises ( ?!) et chaque électeur ne vote qu’une et une seule fois, il n’y a pas de possibilité de bourrage d’urnes, ni de bureaux fictifs et l’administration y est totalement neutre. Et comme il est illusoire de croire qu’on peut avoir un bon fichier, même d’ici 2024, il est absolument nécessaire de dessaisir l’actuel ministre de l’Intérieur de tout le processus électoral au profit d’une personnalité neutre et apolitique. Il faudra être intransigeant sur ce point. Ensuite, exiger le bulletin unique, dispositif pour lequel nous sommes désormais les derniers en Afrique. Les bureaux de vote devraient ouvrir à 08 heures et fermer à 18 heures sans possibilité de dérogation. Et, ne pas seriner à l’envi comme une leçon bien apprise qu’on ne peut plus frauder au Sénégal, car c’est un gros mensonge qui ne peut que renforcer la suspicion chez le camp d’en face.
De toute façon, cet audit qui va se dérouler certainement à huis clos, sans contradicteurs dans un comité de pilotage, encore moins un comité technique, avec des «experts» sans pratiquement aucune connaissance de la marche de notre pays, ne débouchera sur rien de concret. Ils pourront sortir un rapport qui nous apprendra que la Terre est devenue carrée sans que cela n’émeuve grand monde. Encore une perte sèche en temps et en argent.
Pendant ce temps, l’excellent Général en a profité pour s’en aller sur la pointe des pieds comme pour dire : «Continuez sans moi. En ce qui me concerne, je ne participerai plus à cette mascarade. Plus jamais !».
Ibrahima GUEYE
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